Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Recommendations for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Myocarditis

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are often beneficial in the treatment of multiple types of malignant tumors. However, ICI-associated myocarditis has introduced new clinical challenges. This report highlights the key clinical issues of ICI-associated myocarditis, such as risk factors, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, clinical classification and treatment, monitoring of outcomes, and restart of treatment. Additionally, practical guidance and suggestions for the diagnosis and treatment of ICI-associated myocarditis are proposed with reference to the relevant consensuses or guidelines and newly published evidence-based studies in China and other countries in combination with clinical experience of physicians from Shanghai, China.